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Mollie Winburn, 19
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Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
# Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) – A Clinical Overview
Hypertension is one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide and a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The following guide synthesizes current evidence to help clinicians assess, diagnose, manage, and follow patients with high blood pressure.
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## 1. Epidemiology & Risk Factors
| Factor | Impact on BP | Modifiable? | |--------|--------------|-------------| | Age (≥45 y) | ↑ systolic BP | No | | Male sex (early onset) | ↑ risk | No | | African‑American ancestry | ↑ prevalence, earlier onset | No | | Diabetes mellitus | ↑ risk, more difficult control | Yes | | Hypertension family history | ↑ risk | No | | Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) | ↑ BP | **Yes** | | Excessive sodium intake (> 2.3 g/day) | ↑ BP | **Yes** | | Physical inactivity | ↑ BP | **Yes** |
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### 2. Screening / Risk‑stratification
1. **Initial visit (any age ≥18):** - Take a 12‑lead ECG if any of the following present: abnormal chest pain, palpitations, syncope, or known cardiovascular disease. - Use the *SCORE* risk chart (or QRISK3 in the UK) to estimate 10‑year CVD risk.
2. **If SCORE/QRISK ≥5 %** → treat as high risk → start statin + lifestyle advice. - If risk is 45 yr or overweight with additional risk factor.
### Lifestyle Advice – "The Four Pillars"
| Pillar | Practical Tips | Evidence | |--------|----------------|----------| | **Nutrition** | • Mediterranean/low‑carb diet (evidence: PREDIMED, Lyon Diet Heart). • Reduce refined carbs; increase fiber, omega‑3 fish or EPA supplements. | 10–20 % risk reduction for MI. | | **Exercise** | • 150 min moderate aerobic per week (walk, bike) + resistance training twice a week. • Short bouts of brisk walking after meals can lower postprandial glucose spikes. | Meta‑analysis: 30 % mortality reduction. | | **Weight & Sleep** | • Aim for BMI 18–24.5; sleep 7–8 h/night. • Use CPAP if OSA present. | Improves insulin sensitivity by up to 25 %. | | **Stress Management** | • Mindfulness, breathing exercises, social support. | Lowers cortisol, improves HRV (heart rate variability). |
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## 5. How to Talk with the Patient
- **Explain the link:** "High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels over time, just like high cholesterol does. That’s why keeping your glucose under control is crucial for preventing a heart attack." - **Use visual aids:** Show graphs of HbA1c trends and risk curves. - **Set realistic goals:** "We’re aiming to keep your A1C below 7%. That usually means an average blood sugar level around 140 mg/dL." - **Emphasize lifestyle changes first:** "Small steps—like adding a daily walk or cutting back on sugary drinks—can make a big difference." - **Offer support resources:** Diabetes education, dietitian referrals, medication counseling.
By linking diabetes management directly to heart health in a clear, actionable way, patients are more likely to see the importance of controlling their blood glucose and adopt healthier habits.
بلد
Algeria
معلومات الشخصي
الأساسية
جنس
الذكر
اللغة المفضلة
الإنجليزية
تبدو
ارتفاع
183cm
لون الشعر
أسود
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